There is a wide range of unpleasant and even fatal diseases that dogs are prone to. For some of these (such as cancer, pancreatitis, or arthritis), there is relatively little we can do to prevent our pets from developing a disease. However, for many infectious diseases, there is a preventative measure that all dog owners can take that is incredibly safe and effective – vaccination. 

What diseases are we talking about here?

There are a wide range of infectious diseases in dogs for which there are vaccines. In general, these are divided into “Core” and “Non-Core” groups.

The Core Vaccines are those which protect against diseases that cause severe suffering (and often death). Every dog should be vaccinated against these diseases:

• Distemper – this disease is closely related to measles and causes severe respiratory and intestinal damage; it also causes damage to the eyes and brain. Overall, the mortality rate is roughly 50%.
• Canine Infectious Hepatitis – this virus attacks the liver and kidneys, and again is potentially fatal.
• Canine Parvovirus – a particularly nasty infection, in that it primarily targets young puppies (although any dog is potentially at risk). The virus essentially destroys the gut lining and then attacks the immune system. While early, aggressive treatment may reduce the mortality rate to about 15%, any delay results in this rising rapidly – in severe outbreaks, where emergency veterinary hospitalisation and intensive care isn’t available, as many as 90% of infected puppies may die.

The “Non-Core” vaccines are those which aren’t strictly needed by every dog – they are available, but how important they are will depend on your dog’s lifestyle and where you live (or travel to!). They include:

• Canine Parainfluenza and Bordetella bronchiseptica – this is available as a combined, up the nose vaccine, or the parainfluenza alone as an injection. These are two of the most important causes of Kennel Cough, a nasty but not usually dangerous infection of the voicebox and windpipe. Vaccination is advised for all dogs that are likely to be socialising with other dogs and is an essential requirement for most kennels.
• Rabies – essential if you wish to travel abroad and avoid quarantine; otherwise, not really necessary in the UK!
• Lyme Disease – a new vaccine, most appropriate for dogs who spend a lot of time in high-tick areas (e.g. the moors of western England and Wales).
• Leishmania – again, only for dogs who visit endemic areas.

There’s one vaccine left that we haven’t mentioned yet – Leptospirosis. Lepto is a bacterial infection that is carried by rats and excreted in their urine (a closely related strain of the disease is carried by cows). Unlike most of the other diseases above, it can also infect humans and we can be infected from our pets. In the UK, Leptospirosis is endemic – meaning that rats carrying it live all across the mainland UK, and every dog is potentially at risk. As a result, we strongly recommend that your dog is vaccinated against this nasty disease, which attacks the kidneys, gut and occasionally liver. Until recently, this was relatively rarely diagnosed in the UK – because of effective vaccination! However, there are now new strains of the disease emerging, and as a result, we’ve now moved to a more modern vaccine that targets all four strains of the disease rather than the traditional two.

Why can’t we let our dogs’ immune systems deal with these diseases?

All of the Core diseases, plus Leptospirosis, are potentially fatal. This is because unvaccinated dogs need to learn how to fight the disease before they can defeat it. If they’re unlucky, or the disease is a particularly aggressive strain, or their immune system makes a mistake (which is common!), the infection may prove fatal before the immune system can mount an effective response.

What is a vaccine?

A vaccine is essentially a way to teach the immune system how to fight an infection without actually subjecting them to the dangerous version of the infectious organism. Different vaccines last for different lengths of time – for example, the Distemper, Parvo and Rabies vaccines need to be given twice to a puppy, then one year later, and then only every 3 years to be effective. On the other hand, the Lepto vaccine needs 2 puppy doses and then annual vaccination for life, otherwise the immunity fades away.

Aren’t vaccines dangerous?

In a word, no – not compared to the diseases they prevent. The only common side effect is some sleepiness for 24 hours or so after the injections.

Are they 100% safe? No – any medicine that actually works will have some potential side effects. However, major side effects are extremely rare, and lack of vaccination is both dangerous and irresponsible. It is true that some people get away without vaccinating, by freeloading on everyone else – mainly because the immunity of the other dogs in the population suppresses these dangerous infections, so the unvaccinated dogs are unlikely to be exposed (called “herd immunity”). But if everyone stopped vaccinating, the diseases would make a comeback, like the Welsh Distemper outbreak a few years ago which killed 4 dogs.

If you want to discuss your dog’s vaccines, give us a ring and talk to one of our vets!

A GDV is one of the most serious emergencies that any dog a can suffer. The survival rates if not rapidly diagnosed and treated are really low, but rapid emergency surgery can genuinely save lives. 

What is a GDV?

GDV stands for Gastric Dilation and Volvulus. It occurs when the stomach fills with gas (Dilation or Bloat) and then twists on itself (Volvulus or Torsion). As it twists, it traps the gas inside; this also blocks the blood vessels returning blood to the heart, meaning that dogs with a GDV rapidly go into shock. As the body is starved of oxygen (due to the shock state), tissues start to die, releasing potassium into the blood vessels. This can slow and stop the heart. This is a real, top-priority emergency as affected dogs can die within an hour or so of first showing symptoms.

What causes it?

The exact cause isn’t known for certain, but we do know that deep-chested dogs (e.g. Setters or Great Danes) are at increased risk; there also seems to be a genetic component as animals who have a litter-mate who suffers a GDV are more likely to develop one themselves. In addition, exercising vigorously immediately after eating also seems to be a risk factor.

What are the symptoms?

In most cases, the dog initially appears restless or uncomfortable; then they begin to retch. This is usually without actually producing anything, although in some cases some frothy foam may appear. This is a “red-flag” danger sign! Soon afterwards, you may notice the abdomen (tummy) beginning to expand and bloat, and they will then rapidly show signs of shock with pale gums, weakness, fast heart rate, and collapse. Once the dog is has reached this stage, the prognosis is poor, and many dogs actually die on their way into the clinic.

How do your vets diagnose it?

The symptoms are usually pretty clear, however, an X-ray will confirm the diagnosis if necessary.

How can it be treated?

The immediate first aid that our veterinary team will perform is to try and pass a stomach tube and let the gas out of the stomach. This won’t fix the problem but will buy ten to twenty minutes to get them stable enough for surgery. If the dog is in severe distress, but it isn’t possible to pass a tube past the twist in the stomach, the vet may be able to use a needle to release the gas.

The biggest problem with this condition is how unstable these dogs are – most GDV dogs are so sick on arrival that anaesthesia for surgery could easily be fatal. It’s necessary to treat the shock (with massive doses of intravenous fluids) and bring their blood potassium down into the safe range (usually with fluids, although sometimes medications may be used as well) before they can be operated on. Once they are in a better physiological state, we’ll rush them into theatre, and the vet will open the abdomen and decompress the stomach. If any part of the stomach has been starved of blood for too long and has died, we’ll remove these sections. Likewise, it is sometimes necessary to remove the dog’s spleen if it has become twisted as well.

The next phase is to fix the stomach to the abdominal wall so it cannot twist again in the future – this is called a gastropexy. In fact, if you have a very high-risk dog, we can perform this as an optional (non-emergency) treatment, typically at the same time as neutering, to prevent them developing a GDV in the future.

A dog who has had GDV surgery will usually need a while as an inpatient in intensive care to recover; however, if they make it through surgery, the prognosis is usually fairly good.

What’s the prognosis?

According to the latest research, about 60% of dogs with a GDV will die. However, if they are stable enough to be operated on, the majority of these (80%) will survive. The take-home message is that the earlier they’re seen by our vets, the more likely it is that they’ll come home – so don’t delay!

If you think your dog MIGHT be showing signs of a GDV, call us IMMEDIATELY!

Could he have a prostate problem? 

There are a number of possible reasons older dogs can struggle to pass faeces, but yes, a prostate problem is quite possible, especially if he’s entire (not been neutered). 

So, what could be causing it?

Firstly, I’m afraid, we need to define what “it” is! Is he passing normal faeces, and just taking longer about it? Are his faeces really hard and dry, or an unusual shape? Does it seem to be painful for him, and if so, is there blood in the poo? These questions will really help to work out what’s going on – but any problem going to the toilet needs checking by your vet, as some of these conditions need professional attention.

Constipation is a fairly common problem in dogs – it is usually due to diet – especially eating things they shouldn’t! Foreign materials, such as cloth or soil, may ball up in the lower intestine (assuming they don’t cause a blockage further up); and chewed up bone can form a “faecolith” – a solid “rock” of bone powder, preventing normal pooing. Other problems may be too little (or even too much!) fibre in the diet. Lack of exercise is also a possible cause – many dogs can’t move their bowels effectively without exercise. If your dog isn’t getting out for a walk and/or a run regularly, some degree of constipation is often the result.

Constipated dogs strain to pass faeces, and what does come out is often dry and hard.

Obstipation is much more serious, and it’s where constipation goes untreated. The colon becomes completely jammed with material and unable to function. Often, this results in vomiting as well as constipation as food in the gut becomes “backed up”.

Nerve damage can lead to difficulty pooing, but it’s uncommon. Obviously, if you suspect your dog has a spinal problem, contact us as soon as possible!

Arthritis is another cause of these symptoms in dogs, and one most people don’t even think about. Dogs can’t go to the toilet normally unless they can squat; if their joints are stiff and sore, they may struggle to go normally.

Prostate disease is very common in older entire male dogs (obviously, bitches are immune…). The most common problem is benign prostatic hyperplasia (or BPH) – a simple enlarged prostate gland, caused by the action of testosterone. As the gland enlarges, it pushes on the rectum, making it harder for the dog to push faeces out; this often has the effect of producing “ribbons” of poo, which are flattened by the obstruction. BPH cannot happen in a neutered dog – no testicles = no testosterone, so the prostate shrinks and becomes inactive.

Other problems that some dogs may suffer from are prostatitis – this is an infection of the prostate, and often results in painful defecation, and sometimes difficulty urinating. It also tends to result in blood or even pus in the urine and semen; and if the dog is standing at stud, you may notice he seems to lose his sex drive because ejaculation is so painful.

Occasionally, dogs may suffer from prostatic tumours, although they’re pretty rare.

So what can be done?

Well, first of all you need to know what the problem is! That means you need to bring him in so one of our vets can check him over.

Simple constipation can often be resolved with a mild laxative and a change in diet. If the cause is lack of exercise, treatment is easy enough – get him out more!

Obstipation, on the other hand, needs more aggressive treatment, with laxatives and an enema under sedation or anaesthesia (essentially, we wash out the rectum and colon, usually with soapy water).

Spinal lesions need more aggressive treatment, usually in a specialist referral centre.

If your dog is arthritic, sadly, it cannot be cured; however, there are supplements and medications that may slow down its progression, and modern painkillers can make him comfortable again.

Prostate problems can almost always be improved by castration – no more testicles = no more problem. If this, for whatever reason, isn’t an option, there are drugs that mimic the effects of castration, without surgery, and will likewise cure BPH. Prostatitis is almost always a result of BPH – antibiotics and occasionally surgical drainage of the prostate are needed to treat the infection, but without castration (surgical or chemical) it’ll keep coming back. Sadly, there are very few effective treatments for prostate tumours, but we can usually make the patient more comfortable and manage the symptoms.

So, if your dog is constipated – get him down to us and our vets will check him over and see what we can do to fix it.

Deciding whether or not to breed from a pet can be really hard; and it’s very easy to talk yourself into doing something that you later regret…! So in this blog, we’ll look at some of the things you have to consider when breeding from a pet bitch… 

Are her genes good enough to preserve?

Just because a dog is a fantastic pet, with a great character and temperament, it doesn’t necessarily follow that she’s good breeding material. Remember too, that there are thousands of homeless dogs in rescue centres – you should have a good reason for adding to the numbers of dogs in the world.

Now, that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t breed from her – but you need to be certain that you’re adding something special to the canine gene pool. For example, it’s usually unwise to breed a crossbred dog, unless there’s something in particular you want to preserve – this is because you can have no idea how the puppies will turn out! I’ll also point out that, for the purposes of genetics, “breeds” like Jackpoos or Labradoodles are crossbreds – they cannot breed true. Pure-breed dogs have very limited genetic variability, meaning that the offspring are likely to be physically, as well as genetically, similar to the parents; this is not necessarily true of crossbreds, because of a genetic phenomenon known as masked recessive genes.

If your bitch has or has had any potentially heritable diseases (like an undershot jaw, entropion – turned in eyelids – or a cruciate ligament injury), then you don’t want to breed from her. You should also never breed a dog without a good hip – and elbow score; and you might also consider getting DNA tests done for other genetic conditions known in the breed – give us a ring and we’ll be able to advise you on what tests are available. Sadly there are too many dogs from substandard bloodlines being produced, especially when the breed is in fashion, resulting in serious health and welfare problems in future generations.

Is she medically a good candidate for breeding?

In other words, is she physiologically and medically fit to be mated and bear a litter? The first thing to consider is her age – as a rule of thumb, dogs start their seasons in their second year of life; however, this is really variable – especially between breeds, as giant breed dogs are much slower to reach maturity than small breeds are. Generally speaking, however, it is never wise to breed a bitch for the first time under 1 year of age and over 7. For most dogs, however, 2 years of age is the safe minimum. If you’re considering breeding a young or older bitch, give us a ring and we’ll be able to advise you.

The next question is whether she has any medical conditions that would make it difficult, or impossible, to bear a litter successfully. For this, you’ll need to bring her in – make an appointment to see one of our vets for a pre-breeding check. Conditions that may impair her breeding ability include pelvis injuries, hormone imbalances like Cushing’s Disease, and many more, so let us make sure she’s in tip-top condition!

Can you take care of her while pregnant and whelping?

Pregnancy itself is pretty easy for most bitches – however, whelping can be very hard on them. You need to know what danger signs to look out for, when to call us, and when it’s an emergency. You also need to budget for pregnancy scans and a contingency fund to cover a caesarean operation if whelping goes badly.  

Are you legally covered?

There is a specific law covering breeding bitches – the  Breeding and Sale of Dogs (Welfare) Act 1999; this means that you need a license to breed from a bitch if you are producing 5 or more litters per year on the premises, or if the local authority suspects that you are breeding for commercial gain. If in doubt, contact your local Environmental Health Office for advice (strangely, they’re the people responsible for enforcing the Act!).

What will you do with the puppies?

A bitch may produce up to 12 (or even more!) puppies in a single litter (although this is rare). You need to be able to care for them, get them vaccinated and microchipped, and then find good loving homes for them all. Can you do that?

Will the benefits outweigh the potential costs?

Successfully breeding and rearing a litter of puppies is incredibly satisfying; however, it is also expensive and occasionally heartwrenching. You need to be ready for that – and don’t assume you’ll necessarily make the money back when you sell the puppies!

If you want to breed your bitch, give us a ring and we can talk you through all the details!